Who should be sanctioned? 

A P Reeler.
Former Director, Amani Trust.
Executive Committee Member, The International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims. 

31 January 2003.
Since the beginning of the Zimbabwe crisis in February 2000, an enormous number of reports have been published on the gross human rights violations that have been perpetrated upon the people of Zimbabwe. The vast majority have come from within Zimbabwe, and mostly from the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum and its member organisations. There have also been corroborating reports from highly respected international human rights organizations: Amnesty International, the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT), Human Rights Watch, and Physicians for Human Rights (Denmark). These latter reports have universally corroborated the reports of their Zimbabwean counterparts.

These reports, taken together, paint a very grim picture of the organized violence and torture that has afflicted Zimbabwe since February 2000. They confirm that gross human rights violations have become routine in Zimbabwe, unrepudiated in general by the government, and certainly do not show that there have been any credible attempts by the government to prevent or stop these violations from occurring. The reports overwhelmingly implicate supporters of ZanuPF as the major perpetrators, as well as showing an alarming degree of involvement by state agents such as the police, the intelligence services, and, to a lesser extent, the army.

Terrible things have been done, the former Chief Justice of Zimbabwe, Anthony Gubbay, put it, and they continue to be done. The evidence shows that all the following gross human rights violations have been perpetrated on the citizens of Zimbabwe, and especially the supporters of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC):

•	Summary executions;
•	Extra-judicial killings;
•	Disappearances;
•	Torture;
•	Mass psychological torture;
•	Political rape;
•	Rape;
•	Illegal arrests;
•	Unlawful detentions.

The purpose of all these terrible crimes has been totally transparent: they have been committed in order to win elections and to maintain political power in the hands of ZanuPF. This is not just the conclusion of the human rights monitoring bodies, but also of all responsible election observer missions to the various elections that have taken place in the past three years. The repudiated elections have led to Zimbabwe being accorded pariah status in the international community: suspended from the councils of the Commonwealth, suspended from receiving development aid by a large number of countries, including the European Union, and, in near-desperation, to the application of personal sanctions by the United States and the EU against those perceived to be responsible for the debacle that is Zimbabwe currently. 

And yet, despite all the pressure and the diplomacy, both “quiet” and noisy, little changes in Zimbabwe. The human rights violations continue, the economy slides further and further down the slope to catastrophe, starvation looms for increasing millions of Zimbabweans, and there are considerable fears for politicide certainly, and possibly genocide. 

Tackling the problem
Apart from demarches, suspension of aid, and personal sanctions, how can this looming catastrophe be averted? Robert Mugabe is impervious to all diplomatic pressure it seems, and certainly does not worry about diplomatic demarches. The suspension of development aid now contributes massively to the economic melt down, but this economic collapse now requires that the international community consider increasing humanitarian support to a government that shows no signs of taking the steps to correct the economic slide. Some commentators raise the  possibility of military intervention, but this seems unlikely given that the international community cannot even stand united on the illegitimacy question; simply, if the “President” and the ZanuPF government hold power on the basis of illegitimate elections, can they be considered to be a legitimate government? The world is divided on this question, but, a number of so-called Third World states, and especially African states, seem to accept that the de facto power of the Mugabe regime is in some way de jure. The “illegitimacy problem” clearly deserves more attention than it gets at present, and the international community needs to keep this at the forefront of all discussions on Zimbabwe. They also need to keep firmly in mind that this is an illegitimate government doing terrible things to all whom oppose it, and against those who have chosen the path of peace and civil action, not violence, in their challenge to the illegitimacy problem. This makes the organized violence and torture even more sinister and reprehensible.  

One possible way forward is to increase the pressure upon those responsible for the mess, and to indicate in the strongest possible terms that they are responsible and will be held responsible for the events that occur from now on. This short paper will examine the “responsibility problem”, drawing on the information publicly available.

Increasing pressure on those responsible: targeting the “middle managers”

Robert Mugabe has an uncanny ability, seen recurringly over the past 20 years, to hold together an unruly party. He may well be able to retain sufficient control over the internal politics of Zimbabwe to head off the pressure to expedite the election petition, and to quash all moves to support an independent judiciary. If this is the case, then there is only one other route to change, and that is to make it clear to his own party that there will be costs to continuing to support Robert Mugabe. It is clear that we know who these supporters are, and many of the more senior supporters are already on the lists of the United States and the EU for personal sanctions. However, there are many others equally deserving of sanctions who are not so senior in the ZanuPF hierarchy, but are crucial to maintaining ZanuPF in its state of illegitimacy.

This latter group is not invisible. Indeed, they are known through the many reports of the human rights groups in Zimbabwe; they are known to the communities in which they operate; and they are protected by the impunity offered by the state, both formal and informal. It is no secret who are these “middle managers”; they are names in a number of reports produced by the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum, and these reports have been in the public domain for some time now. Three reports, in particular, are important for understanding the “middle managers”:

•	Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminary analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM
.
•	Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Who was responsible? A consolidated analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.
•	Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), “Are They Accountable?: Examining alleged violators and their violations pre and post the Presidential Election March 2002”, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

What follows is an analysis of these reports, supported by a large number of additional reports. Using this publicly available information, the data has been examined to see who are the most frequent offenders mentioned in the reports, and who might be the most culpable of these offenders. It also attempts to look at patterns, and the implications of those patterns.

How many are responsible?

The reports of the Human Rights Forum indicate that a total of 1,352 individual persons are mentioned in the statements given by victims. There are also a very large number mentioned in the same reports derived from press reports, but we have concerned ourselves only with the names that have come directly to the Human Rights Forum, since these are supported by affidavits and medical reports. This is a large number of names, but it should be stressed only represents a sample of the actual total. The names are derived from only those who reported to the Forum, and cannot be even an indicator of the actual total. The actual total can only be determined by a Commission of Inquiry or epidemiological investigation.

The first step in the analysis was to look at differences between the Parliamentary Election in 2000 and the Presidential Election in 2002. As can be seen from Table 1 below, there are not great differences in the total numbers of perpetrators identified between the two elections. There is about a 10% increase in the number of perpetrators identified for the Presidential Election. The interesting changes are in the types of perpetrators identified between the two elections. 
 
Table 1.
Percentages of different categories of perpetrators reported to human rights organizations in the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections
	2000
n=648	2002
n=704	
Member of Parliament	3.4	0.57	
Central Intelligence Organisation	1.39	0	
Zimbabwe Republic Police	2.01	6.68	
Zimbabwe National Army	0	0.85	
Zimbabwe Prison Service	0	0.28	
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association	19.8	23.6	
ZanuPF supporter	67.4	63.9	
ZanuPF (YOUTH)	3.7	0.14	
ZanuPF (OFFICIALS)	0.93	0.14	
Movement for Democratic Change	0.15	0.28	
Government Official	0.46	0.14	
Unknown	0.77	3.27	
(These percentages are based on the number of names mentioned and do not reflect the number of times that a name is mentioned.)

The number of reports involving the MDC is wholly insignificant, and hence the remainder of this report will not concern itself with the MDC, but concentrate on the other categories of perpetrators. 

As is seen from Table 1, ZanuPF supporters form the overwhelming majority of the perpetrators, and together with the war veterans (ZNLWVA), the second most frequent category, account for over 85% of the perpetrators in both elections. We see a small trend during the Presidential Election for more categories of perpetrators to appear: as the percentage of ZanuPF supporters falls slightly – from 67% to 64% - so is there a corresponding increase in the percentages for the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), the Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), and the Zimbabwe Prison Service (ZPS). There is also a relatively marked decrease in the number of Members of Parliament mentioned in the Presidential Election. Presumably MPs were more prepared to be involved in violence in their own cause than in the cause of their President. 

There may also be a measure of caution being shown by these MPs, having been previously mentioned in the Human Rights Forum report – “Who is Responsible?” – as well as many  of them having been subject to public scrutiny through the election petitions mounted by the MDC in the aftermath of the Parliamentary Elections. It may be that there is after all a preventive effect for publishing reports of gross human rights violations.

The reports of the Forum do not allow much analysis of the category – ZanuPF supporter – and it is therefore not possible to make any comments on the role of the youth militia, but this group has been mentioned in other reports of the Forum and in the reports of member organisations of the Forum. 

There are 1,352 names mentioned in these reports, but many names only appear once, either for the Parliamentary Election or the Presidential Election. It is thus of interest to examine cases of multiple involvement in gross human rights violations, both in the sense of being involved at different times and also in the sense of being involved in multiple incidents -  and in different places -  within the same time frame. It is also of interest to examine cases where persons having some official status – MP, policeman, member of the CIO, soldier, party official, government or local government official, etc – are named as perpetrators, as these are persons whose office should demand that they are impartial. Where officials are involved, it also raises the question about the government’s involvement in gross human rights violations: do these officials get involved in their personal capacity or as agents of the Government?

Thus, the analysis then sorted through the names mentioned in the reports, and removed all cases in which the person was only mentioned once, and did not hold any public office or political office, such as a party official. When this was done, the total number of cases was reduced considerably; from 1,352 to 608, a drop of 55%. However, it still meant that 45% of the names mentioned were either officials or multiple offenders. Table 2 below is thus an extension of Table 1 above.

Table 2.
Serious offenders in the Parliamentary and Presidential elections, and in both Elections (percentages).
	2000
	2002
	Serious Offenders from both elections.
N=608	
Member of Parliament	3.4	0.57	4.28	
Central Intelligence Organisation	1.39	0	1.15	
Zimbabwe Republic Police	2.01	6.68	9.21	
Zimbabwe National Army	0	0.85	0.49	
Zimbabwe Prison Service	0	0.28	0.16	
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association	19.8	23.6	4.11	
ZanuPF supporter	67.4	63.9	76.3	
ZanuPF (YOUTH)	3.7	0.14	0.99	
ZanuPF OFFICIALS	0.93	0.14	1.32	
Movement for Democratic Change	0.15	0.28	0	
Government Official	0.46	0.14	1.97	
Unknown	0.77	3.27	0	

As can be seen from Table 2, the relative percentages do not change much when we consider only the serious offenders. The major perpetrators remain overwhelmingly ZanuPF supporters and war veterans (ZNLWVA), but, interestingly, the ZRP becomes a higher ranked category and MPs become the second ranked category. This clearly speaks to the suggestions made by all human rights groups that this campaign of violence was organized, the clear implication to be drawn from the involvement of state agencies.

Table 3 below shows the numbers of persons in each category, the number of times that this group was involved in alleged torture, and the percentages. Statistically, the average number of times that this group as a whole was involved in torture was 2.64 (s.dev.1.63). However, some individuals distinguished themselves and were reported on many occasions as having been involved in torture. Mr Norman Josaya was mentioned no less than 16 times, whilst Messrs Mupamombe (15), Mashonga (14), “Biggie” Chitoro (11), and Rwodzi (10) all received frequent mention. 

Table 3.
Total numbers of  times persons in each category identified as a perpetrator
Category of Perpetrator	Nos.	Nos. of times mentioned.	Percentage

Member of Parliament	26	58	4.2	
Central Intelligence Organisation	7	9	0.65	
Zimbabwe Republic Police	56	88	6.31	
Zimbabwe National Army	3	9	0.65	
Zimbabwe Prison Service	1	0	0	
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association	25	150	10.8	
ZanuPF (Supporter)	464	1045	74.9	
ZanuPF (Youth)	6	13	0.93	
ZanuPF (Official)	8	7	0.5	
Government & local government officials	12	15	1.08	
Total:	608	1,394		

Amongst the Members of Parliament, there were a large number who were mentioned more than once. Shadreck Chipanga (6), Saviour Kasukawere (5), Border Gezi (5), Elliot Manyika (5), J.B. Matiza (4), and Mark Madiro (4) were all multiple offenders according to the reports received by the Forum. Dr. Chenjerai Hitler Hunzvi, the deceased Member of Parliament for Chikomba and leader of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association (ZNLWVA), of course is probably the most notorious, as is the deceased Border Gezi. In respect of the latter, there has been at least one report to the Human Rights Forum alleging that Border Gezi had set in place a “hit squad”. Doctor Hunzvi made no attempt to hide his involvement in violence and was on record many times threatening violence, and clearly indicating that he was in charge of the “war veterans”. 

Over 13% of the total above can be considered to be “officials” of one kind or another, and this again speaks very strongly to the idea that the violence was organized and condoned by the State. The involvement of Members of Parliament in gross human rights violations is a very serious problem, and this has been recognized by the placing of most of these MPs on the personal sanctions lists of the US and the EU. We will return to this issue later, as well as the issue of the most notorious of the perpetrators, but it now worth while looking at patterns, especially as they relate to elections.

Provinces and Constituencies

Many of the reports on the elections, as well as the human rights reports, make the observation that there was a curious association between the violence and the areas in which ZanuPF would have been expected to have done well in elections.

Table 4.
Provinces in rank order of gross human rights violations reported. 
PROVINCE	2000	2002	Total	
MASHONALAND EAST	281	229	510	
MASHONALAND WEST	194	118	312	
MANICALAND	40	201	241	
MIDLANDS NORTH	80	154	234	
MIDLANDS SOUTH	199	25	224	
MASHONALAND CENTRAL	84	114	198	
HARARE	45	73	140	
MASVINGO	13	48	61	
MATABELELAND SOUTH	6	21	27	
BULAWAYO	0	5	5	
MATABELELAND NORTH	0	2	2	

It is curious that so much torture was reported from areas in which ZanuPF would expect to be strong, and it is tempting to merely conclude that the organized violence and torture from both elections was merely to ensure demand for ZanuPF and abandonment of the MDC. This was undoubtedly part of the purpose, but it should also be noted that the Provinces that rank highly are also those Provinces in which there reside large numbers of commercial farm workers, and particularly plantation workers. Some Zimbabwean Provinces have very high numbers of farm workers, whilst others do not, and the difference lies in whether the climate allows cropping, which involves large manpower, or livestock, which requires only small numbers of people.

This links directly to the so-called land reform process, which, while it was clearly a major propaganda issue for the ZanuPF government, it was also a pretext for eliminating the support in an enormous constituency for the MDC. The union representing the plantation workers, the General Agricultural and Plantation Workers Union of Zimbabwe (GAPWUZ), had been part of the trade union support for the NCA, and the rejection of the draft Constitution in February 2000. It is very clear in retrospect that the votes from this sector would have wholly overcome the advantage that ZanuPF held in the agricultural, as opposed to the livestock, Provinces. Whatever else the land reform campaign was, it was also a pretext for attacking the support for the MDC in the commercial farm worker population. Here it is argued that the attacks upon the commercial farmers was a pretext to the attacks upon there workers. Here all reports, both local and international, have commented upon the support, both manpower and logistical, that the government gave to the land invasions.    

Table 5.
The 20 worst constituencies in the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections based on the total number of human rights violations reported per constituency. 
CONSTITUENCY	2000	2002	Total	
HURUNGWE	184	16	200	
GOKWE	80	96	176	
MBERENGWA EAST	119	23	142	
HARARE	119	73	107	
BINDURA	22	68	90	
MUREHWA NORTH	37	38	75	
BUHERA	9	65	74	
MUDZI	72	2	74	
UMP	15	59	74	
GURUVE	0	72	72	
MUTOKO	45	11	56	
CHIKOMBA	28	26	54	
MT DARWIN SOUTH	42	10	52	
MUREHWA SOUTH	36	12	48	
MAKONI EAST	30	15	45	
HWEDZA	16	28	44	
ZHOMBE	0	40	40	
ZVISHAVANE	34	2	36	

Table 5 shows the 20 worst constituencies for the Parliamentary and Presidential elections combined. The total picture is shown in Appendix 3, but the “top twenty” are shown for illustrative purposes. 

As can be seen from Table 5, some constituencies show consistent patterns for both elections; for example, Gokwe, Harare, and Murehwa North had relatively consistent patterns for both elections. Hurungwe, Mberengwa East Mudzi, and Zvishavane show higher violence for the Parliamentary elections, whilst Bindura, Buhera, Guruve, and UMP show much higher violence for the Presidential Elections. 

There is obviously an association between the worst constituencies and the worst Provinces, and also between both of these and the officials involved. For example, most of the MPs mentioned are those from constituencies in Mashonaland Central, East and West, whilst the remainder come from constituencies where the reported violence and torture was high. In Mashonaland Central, Border Gezi, Mark Madiro, Elliot Manyika, and Saviour Kasukawere were all frequently mentioned: it takes no rocket science to discern the pattern, nor to conclude that this was not random but organized, and organized with the connivance of the government.

The “Top Fifty”: The worst of the worst

As will be seen from Table 6 (also Appendix 2), the 50 most frequently mentioned perpetrators, from amongst the total of 608, show a very interesting spread of affiliations, and this spread to some extent modifies some of the trends above. 

Category of Perpetrator	% of total
	% of the worst	

Member of Parliament	4.2	12	
Central Intelligence Organisation	0.65	2	
Zimbabwe Republic Police	6.31	4	
Zimbabwe National Army	0.65	0	
Zimbabwe Prison Service	0	0	
Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association	10.8	28	
ZanuPF (Supporter)	74.9	54	
ZanuPF (Youth)	0.93	0	
ZanuPF (Official)	0.5	0	
Government & local government officials	1.08	0	

“War veterans” and ZanuPF supporters previously accounted for about 85% of the total, and this trend is again seen in the top 50, but the weightings for the two groups change. Amongst the worst, “war veterans” now account for 28% and ZanuPF supporters only 54%. This again suggests organization behind the violence, with the role of “war veteran” leaders such as Dr Hunzvi and Border Gezi being complimented by their subordinates such as Norman Josaya or Biggie Chitoro. 

MPs again form a much higher percentage of the worst perpetrators, with the overall percentage shifting from 4% of the total to 12% of the worst. This again reinforces the view that the violence and torture was organized, and that, at the core of the organization, were important ZanuPF supporters and government officials.

As will be seen from the list of names in Appendix 2, the worst perpetrators are also persons mentioned many times in the reports of the Human Rights Forum, as well in the data derived from the Zimbabwean press reports. Very few – Biggie Chitoro and Joseph Mwale only – are implicated in extra-judicial killings or summary executions, and the majority are involved in torture. Torture is the most frequent gross human right violation, and torture – either as assault with intent to commit grievous bodily harm or common assault – was one of the categories of crime covered by the Presidential Amnesty of October 2000. This amnesty is yet another piece of evidence supporting the assertion, made through this paper, that the violence and torture were organized and condoned by the ZanuPF government.

Conclusions

Quite obviously this analysis can only be a partial examination of the gross human rights violations and those responsible for these. It draws only on the published data, and can be no substitute for a full-blown commission of inquiry, but it raises very serious questions indeed about the responsibility of the ZanuPF government for gross human rights violations against the people of Zimbabwe. This is not the first time such concerns have been raised, and there is still no credible accounting for the gross human rights violations committed in the 1980s.

This analysis shows the involvement of MPs, policemen, government officials, “war veterans”,and ZanuPF party supporters, and repeated involvement. It shows patterns of involvement around elections, and in areas in which severe threats to ZanuPF’s political hegemony have been posed. This analysis shows few changes between the two important recent elections in Zimbabwe – the Parliamentary Elections of 2000 and the Presidential Election of 2002 – and indicates one of the strategies behind ZanuPF’s  campaign to maintain political power.

It is evident that impunity has been an important factor in allowing the violence and torture to continue, and this impunity has been both formal, using Presidential amnesties, and informal through the failure to ensure that the Zimbabwe Republic Police enforce the law and their constitutional duty. This strongly supports the argument that the violence and torture was organized and condoned.

However, as indicated above, remonstrances, demarches, and publication of the facts have little effect upon the ZanuPF government. Not even sanctions seem to have had an effect. So what can be done to stop further horror and return the country to legality and the rule of law.

Several suggestions can be made.

Firstly, there must be strong pressure exerted by the international community for independent investigations of gross human rights violations and the allegations made by Zimbabwean human rights bodies. This should be a concern not merely for the EU, but for the Commonwealth, SADC, and the AU. Perhaps a multi-platform commission, comprised of representatives of all these bodies, might be mounted and sent to Zimbabwe in order to investigate these allegations. It is no longer enough for the international community to derive misplaced solace from the relatively small number of deaths, and time for the testing of the assertion that massive levels of torture approximate to genocide.

Secondly, perhaps it is time to review the personal sanctions: not with the intent to remove these, but to apply them more extensively. The persons to whom sanctions should be applied must be those who are accountable for the problems in Zimbabwe. It should include not only those who are politically responsible or responsible for gross corruption, but also those who are allegedly guilty of gross human rights violations. 

As this analysis has shown, we know who this latter group of people are likely to be, and they should be not only the subject of sanctions, but also of investigation for gross human rights violations. Although Robert Mugabe and his doubtfully legitimate government are ultimately responsible for events in Zimbabwe, it must also be the case that sanctions and penalties are applied more widely to include those who commit gross human rights violations. This would send a signal the perpetrators that responsibility for violence and torture will have consequences, and will indicate to those members of ZanuPF who desire the return to legitimacy, the rule of law, and international acceptance, that part of the solution lies in their hands too.

Appendix 1.
Reports of the Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (1999), A Consolidated Report on the Food Riots 19—23 January 1998, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum, (1999), Organised Violence and Torture in Zimbabwe in 1999, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Organised Violence and Torture 
in Zimbabwe in 2000, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Organised Violence and Torture 
in Zimbabwe in 2001, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Who is responsible? A preliminary analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Report on political violence in Bulawayo, Harare, Manicaland, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South and Midlands, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000, A report on Post-Election Violence, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2000), Report on Pre-election Political Violence in Mberengwa, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Report on Election-related Political Violence in Chikomba, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.
Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Human Rights and Zimbabwe’s June 2000 election, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Who was responsible? A consolidated analysis of pre-election violence in Zimbabwe, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.
Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Politically motivated violence in Zimbabwe 2000–2001. A report on the campaign of political repression conducted by the Zimbabwean Government under the guise of carrying out land reform, HARARE:  ZIMABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Evaluating the Abuja Agreement, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2001), Evaluating the Abuja Agreement: Two Months Report, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), Human Rights and Zimbabwe’s Presidential Election: March 2002, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM 

Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum (2002), “Are They Accountable?: Examining alleged violators and their violations pre and post the Presidential Election March 2002”, HARARE: ZIMBABWE HUMAN RIGHTS NGO FORUM.

Appendix 2.

The fifty most frequently mentioned perpetrators of gross human rights violations.
Josaya, Norman (16)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Mupamombe (15)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Mashonga (14)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Chitoro, Biggie (11)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Rwodzi (10)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Ngoni (9)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Chingodza, M (9)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Mujuru (8)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Kasambarare, Givemore (7) 	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Karungaire, E (7)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Chinotimba, Joseph (6)	Harare	ZNLWVA	
Kazembe (6)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Musauki, Joseph (6)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Salim, Abraham (6)	UMP	ZPF	
Hunzvi, Chenjerai(6)	Budiriro	ZPF	
Chipanga, Shadreck(5)	Makoni East	MP	
Paprika (5)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Chuitsi, T (5)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Gava, Simon (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Masenda, J (5)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Gezi, Border (5)	Bindura +	MP	
Kasukawere, Saviour (5)	Bindura +	MP	
Manyika, Elliot (MP) (5)	Bindura	MP	
Kaukonde, J (5)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Chiwara, Lucky (4)	Gokwe North	ZNLWVA	
Donsa, C (5)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Jamela, Festo (5)	Mberengwa E	ZNLWVA	
Mangena, Langton (5)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Chinembiri, Elliot (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Chivata (5)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Danda, Webster (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Denere, Lazarus (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Jimmy (5)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Kirmukiyani, Emmanuel (5)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Mapako, B (5)	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Mativenga, Tauya (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Maumburudze (5)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Mavingwa, Collin (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Mufari, Nelson (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Nyoka, Frian(5)	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Sakahowa, Lovemore (5)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Kagodo, Last (4)	Muzarabani	ZPF	
Machona, Constable (4)	Buhera North	ZRP	
Madiro, Mark (4)	Hurungwe East	MP	
Mafiosi, Dickson (4)	Bindura	ZPF	
Matiza, Joel(4)	Murehwa North + South	MP	
Mazinyani, Sgt. (4)	Shurugwi	ZRP	
Mhiripiri, Punish (4)	Makoni West	ZPF	
Mutemachani, Boniface (4)	Chiredzi North	ZNLWVA	
Mwale, Joseph(4)	Buhera North	CIO	

Appendix 3.
Name, constituency and role of perpetrators

NAME	CONSTITUENCY	ROLE	
Chinyere, Chief	UMP	CHIEF	
Muawata, Chief	Mudzi	CHIEF	
Tshovani, Chief	Chiredzi North	CHIEF	
Chitektekto	UMP	CIO	
Chiwara, Artwell	Shamva	CIO	
Makomba, P	Marondera East + West	CIO	
Masocha	Chikomba	CIO	
Zimunya, Aaron 	Mutare South	CIO	
Porusingazi, Enock (3)	Chipinge South	CIO	
Simongo, K (2)	Zvishavane	CIO	
Mwale, Joseph	Chimanimani	CIO	
Mwale, Joseph(3)	Buhera North	CIO	
Chiteve, John(2)	Bindura	COUNCILLOR	
Gatsi, Councillor	Unknown	COUNCILLOR	
Hove, Richard	Mberengwa East	COUNCILLOR	
Jacob, Edmund(2)	Mutoko North + South	COUNCILLOR	
Makoni, (Councillor) (3)	Chikomba	COUNCILLOR	
Gara, Tony	Mbare East	MP	
Shumba, Josphat	Mberengwa East	MP	
Gezi, Border (5)	Bindura +	MP	
Chimutengwende, Chen	Mazowe East	MP	
Kasukuwere, saviour(5)	Bindura +	MP	
Mujuru, Joyce	Mount Darwin North	MP	
Mutasa, D.	Makoni West	MP	
Gumbo, Joram	Mberengwa East	MP	
Herbert Murerwa	Goromonzi	MP	
Hokoyo, Gladys(3)	Budiriro	MP	
Madiro, mark (4)	Hurungwe East	MP	
Manyika, Elliot (MP) (5)	Bindura	MP	
Murerwa Herbert	Goromonzi	MP	
Musamadya, M.P.	Mutoko North	MP	
Mutiwekuziva (MP) (2)	Chikomba	MP	
Gumbo, Rugare	Mberengwa East	MP	
Chapfika, David	Mutoko North + South	MP	
Kaukonde, J (5)	Mudzi	MP	
Matiza, Joel(4)	Murehwa North + South	MP	
Chipanga, Shadreck(5)	Makoni East	MP	
Kuruneri, Christopher	Mazowe West	MP	
Thembani, sabina(4)	Mufakose	MP	
Chidengedzu, Headman 	Makoni West	OFFICIAL	
Marufu, Mutami (Kraalhead)	Guruve North/South	OFFICIAL	
Ngoroma, Kraalhead 	Guruve North/South	OFFICIAL	
Zemura, Mai (Legal Projects Office)	Murehwa South	OFFICIAL	
Bangidza, Colonel (3)	Chimanimani	ZNA	
Masabeya, Captain (3)	Chimanimani	ZNA	
Zephania, Major (3) 	Chimanimani	ZNA	
Dungiro, John (war veterans		ZNLWVA	
Ncube (war veteran) (3)	Murehwa South	ZNLWVA	
Chinotimba joseph (6)	Harare	ZNLWVA	
Chitoro, biggie (11)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Chiwara, lucky (4)	Gokwe North	ZNLWVA	
Donsa, C (5)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Dube, Felix (3)	Gokwe North	ZNLWVA	
Dube, Manuel (3)	Unknown	ZNLWVA	
Gift (3)	Shurugwi	ZNLWVA	
Hove, Kennedy (2)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Jamela, Festo (5)	Mberengwa E	ZNLWVA	
Josaya, Norman(16)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
karungaire, e (7)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Machambanje, A (2)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Mangena, Langton (5)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Mashonga (14)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Mavigi (2)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Mpofu, E (2)	Zvishavane	ZNLWVA	
Mupamombe (15)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Mutemachani, B (4)	Chiredzi North	ZNLWVA	
Ngoni (9)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Nkomo, Lyford (2)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Paprika (5)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Rwodzi (10)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Shiri, Elly (3)	Mberengwa East	ZNLWVA	
Shupikai (3)	Hurungwe East	ZNLWVA	
Chigega, Gilbert 	Bindura	ZPF	
Unnamed (at Hunzvi’s surgery) (7)	Budiriro	ZPF	
Chigega, Blessing 	Bindura	ZPF	
Chigubu, Themba 	Guruve South	ZPF	
Chikanga, Never 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chikono, Godfrey	Guruve South	ZPF	
Chikono, Kudzanai 	Bindura	ZPF	
Chimbwanda, Doben	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Chimombe, Chimwanza 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chimutashu	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chimutsa, Anyway	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chinaka, Ben Dzingai 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Chingosho, Mr	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Chingururu, J	Mudzi	ZPF	
Manyame, John 	Murehwa South/North	ZPF	
Chawarura, Force	Bindura	ZPF	
Chawarura, Jack	Bindura	ZPF	
Chifodya, T	Mutoko South	ZPF	
Chijange, E	Chiredzi North	ZPF	
Chifodya, L	Mutoko South	ZPF	
John Gumpo	Kariba	ZPF	
Chiweshe, Josephat (4) 	Hurungwe West & Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Makwananzi, Issac 	Mazowe West	ZPF	
Chigega, Norbert (3)	Bindura + Shamva	ZPF	
Chigega, Never Noel (4)	Bindura + Shamva	ZPF	
Armstrong (2)	Kariba	ZPF	
Banda, Masauso (2)	Kwekwe	ZPF	
Banda, Mr (3)	Kambuzuma	ZPF	
Bandera (3)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Bangojena, H (2)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Bheka, Shepard 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Bhiza, Godfrey (2)	Shamva/ Bindura	ZPF	
Bhozo, A (4)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Bimbiko, B (3)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Binduko, Cephas (2) 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Botha, Taurai (2)	Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Bukutu, Lovemore (2)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Bumhira, Enock 	Mbare East/West/Mazarabani	ZPF	
Chakawarika (3)	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Chanyarova 	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Chanyorowa 	Mutoko North	ZPF	
Chanyuruka, Raga (2)	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chapondo, T (4)	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Charise, Sam (3)	Chegutu	ZPF	
Chigombe, Gilbert (2)	Shamva	ZPF	
Chigubu, Themba 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chigwedere, Fanwell(2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Chigwizura, Adam 	Mutare West	ZPF	
Chigwizura, Samuel (2) 	Mutare West	ZPF	
Chihona (4)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Chijange, K	Chiredzi North	ZPF	
Chikanye, Francis 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chikono, Godfrey 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chikono, Nelson (2)	Bindura	ZPF	
Chikowore, Patrick (2)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Chimanga, Enock (2) 	Mutasa	ZPF	
Chimbo, Simba (2)	Mutasa	ZPF	
Chimbwanda, Durban	UMP	ZPF	
Chimombe, Chimwanzi 	Makoni East	ZPF	
Chimonzo	Bindura	ZPF	
Chimuka	Buhera North	ZPF	
Chimukate, Clifford	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chimunondo, Givemore (2)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Chimutashu, Nicholas	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chimutsa, Lovemore	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chin’ono, Godfrey (3)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Chinaka, Macdonald 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Chinembiri, Elliot (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Chingodza, M (9)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Chingozho, Gilbert	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Chingururu, R	Mudzi	ZPF	
Chinomona, Ignatiius	Mutoko North + South	ZPF	
Chinomona, Trancis(2)	Mutoko North + South	ZPF	
Chinono, Godwin (2)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Chinwengwaenene, t (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Chinyani	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chinyani, Jona Murape 	Bindura	ZPF	
Chinyike, Charles (3)	Bikita West	ZPF	
Chinyoka	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Chinyoka, H	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Chinyoka, R	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Chiota, Cephas (2) 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chiota, Kurai 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chipanga, Shadreck 	Makoni East	ZPF	
Chiraya, Milton (2) 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chiremba, Nhamo (2) 	Gutu North	ZPF	
Chirinda (2)	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Chisaga (2)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Chisango (3)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Chisango, Douglas 	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chisango, s (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chisango, Simba 	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chitate, Muzvondiwa (2)	Bindura	ZPF	
Chitsa, Panganai (2)	Mutare South	ZPF	
Chitsa, Prisca 	Mutare South	ZPF	
Chitura, Sparks(2)	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Chiutsi, t (5)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chiutsi, Taurai (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chivata (5)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Chiwara	Shamva	ZPF	
Chiwara, goddie (4)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Chodzodzo, Farai(2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Choto, Better(2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Dafi, Happymore(2)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Danda, Webster (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Denere, Lazarus (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Dhauka (2)	UMP	ZPF	
Dube, H	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Dube, James 	Buhera North	ZPF	
Dube, Mapungwana	Buhera South	ZPF	
Dube, Mr	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Dube, Ndabezimhle 	Unknown	ZPF	
Dube, S	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Dube, Victor	Bulilimamangwe North/South	ZPF	
Dzenga, Kuruza (2)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Dziva, Taona (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Dzvairo, Cathbert 	UMP	ZPF	
Erengwe (3)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Foloma, A (4)	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Gapa (2)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Garan’anga, Nicodimus 	UMP	ZPF	
Garan’anga, Tafireyi 	UMP	ZPF	
Gava, Simon (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Gava, U (3)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Gode, Godfrey	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Gode, Godfrey 	Mt Darwin North/South	ZPF	
Gomo, Desmond (3)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Gumbo, Benard 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Gumbo, T	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Gutsa, Paul (2)	Bindura	ZPF	
Gutsa, Savha 	Bindura	ZPF	
Gwahwara, Hazvinei 	UMP	ZPF	
Gwakwata	UMP	ZPF	
Gwamura, Everson(2)	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Gwashe, W (4)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Hodzi	UMP	ZPF	
Hodzi	Mutoko North + South	ZPF	
Hodzi, M	Mutoko North	ZPF	
Hove, D	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, Gan’eni 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, Josikia (3) 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, Judson (2)	Mberengwa West	ZPF	
Hove, Portia (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, Simba (4)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, V. 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hove, Z	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hungwe, Philip (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hungwe, S	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Hunzvi, Chenjerai(3)	Budiriro	ZPF	
Hunzvi, Chenjerai(3)	Chikomba	ZPF	
Huranda, S (3)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
January, Itai (2)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
January, Katande (2)	Gokwe West	ZPF	
January, Makomo (2) 	Gokwe West	ZPF	
Jezenga, Cliff(2)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Jimmy (5)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Jisi, Mr	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Jiti, Mr	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Jongororo, Enock (2)	Marondera East	ZPF	
Jongwe, Petros (2)	Marondera East	ZPF	
Jonhasi, Christopher 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Jonhasi, Koshiwe (4)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Jume, Jacob(2)	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Juru, Boster	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Juru, O	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Kagodo, Exidos 	Muzarabani	ZPF	
Kagodo, Ivo (2)	Muzarabani	ZPF	
Kagodo, Last (3)	Muzarabani	ZPF	
Kaimba, Obey (2)	Shamva	ZPF	
Kaitano, S (2)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Kambazvi, Godfrey 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Kambazvi, Jerina 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Kamedza, Causewell(2)	UMP	ZPF	
Kamhaka, Albert	Mudzi	ZPF	
Kamhaka, Joe	Mudzi	ZPF	
Kamoti, Dount(2)	Marondera East	ZPF	
Kamunhukamwe, Peter 	Guruve South	ZPF	
Kamunhukamwe, Peter 	UMP	ZPF	
Kamuti, Norman (2) 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Kandoro, Mufundirwa	Guruve South	ZPF	
Kandoro, Mufundirwa 	Bikita East	ZPF	
Kanokanza, Simba	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Kanokanza, Trackfone	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Kapere (2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Kasambarara	UMP	ZPF	
Kasambarare	UMP	ZPF	
Kasambarare, Givemore (7) 	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Kasambarere, Collins 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Kasambarere, Esam 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Kavhumbura, J	Murehwa South	ZPF	
kavhumbura, p	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Kazembe (6)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Kazembe, Mrs	Hatfield	ZPF	
Khumalo (2)	Mazowe West	ZPF	
Khumalo, W	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Khupe, Leon (2) 	Bulilimamangwe North	ZPF	
Kirmukiyani, Emmanuel (5)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Kiwa (2)	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Kudawafeya, S (2)	Unknown	ZPF	
Kufuka, Abel 	Marondera east	ZPF	
Kufuka, Mande Cleopas 	Marondera West	ZPF	
Mabhena	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mabhena, R	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mabhunu, Luke (2)	Chipinge	ZPF	
Mabhunu, Tongai 	Chipinge	ZPF	
Mabhunumuchapera, N (2)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Mabika, Cletos (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Mabvirakure, Rutendo (2)	Mutasa	ZPF	
Machakaire, Alois 	Buhera North	ZPF	
Machakaire, Batsirai 	Buhera North	ZPF	
Machakaire, Simon 	Buhera North	ZPF	
Machakata, Stuwart (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Machangwe, Jacob (3)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Madiro, F	Hurungwe West	ZPF	
Madiyanikwe, John 	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Madzikatire, John 	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Madzikatire, Silvester	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Madzudzo, Alfonso 	Bindura	ZPF	
Madzudzu, Alfonse 	Bindura	ZPF	
Mafios, Dixon	Mount Darwin South	ZPF	
Mafiosi, Dickson (3)	Bindura	ZPF	
Magauze (3) 	Mudzi	ZPF	
Magaya, Clever (2)	UMP	ZPF	
Magomo (3)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Magunje (4)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Mahoza	Mutoko North	ZPF	
Mahoza, T	Mutoko North + South	ZPF	
Mahuni, Flaviano Tichatonga (2)	Mutoko South/north; Guruve South	ZPF	
Mairos, Kenneth (2)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Majengwa, Ali(3)	Mbare East	ZPF	
Majonga, edwin(3)	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Makaye, Farirai 	Bikita East	ZPF	
Makaye, Sylvester 	Bikita East	ZPF	
Makaza, Lakeness (3)	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Makaza, Robert 	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Makaza, Wirimai 	UMP	ZPF	
Makiyi	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Makombe (4)	Mberengwa East + West	ZPF	
Makombe, Tendai 	Mazowe West	ZPF	
Makoni, Gerald 	Gutu North	ZPF	
Makoni, Kennedy 	Gutu North	ZPF	
Makonza, G (2)	Hurungwe West	ZPF	
Malunga, Alfred(2)	Bindura	ZPF	
Mambohaatemwi, Arnold (2)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Mandlovu (3)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mangondo, Rainos (2) 	Gokwe South	ZPF	
Mangondo, Rainos (2) 	Gokwe West	ZPF	
Manyame, Dominic 	Murehwa South/North	ZPF	
Manyanga, Ernest 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Manyanga, Mrs 	Guruve North/South	ZPF	
Mapako, B (5)	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Mapaunzi, Guilt 	Bikita West	ZPF	
Mapaunzi, Sungisai 	Bikita West	ZPF	
Mapfumo, Given (3)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Mapfumo, Given (3)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Mapingire, Mai	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mapingire, S	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mapiye, l (4)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mapungwana, James (2)	Buhera North	ZPF	
Marau, Dungu (2)	Murehwa South/North	ZPF	
Marodza	Mount Darwin North	ZPF	
Marodza, R	Marondera East + West	ZPF	
Marodza, Terry (8)	Mount Darwin South; Mudzi	ZPF	
Masaka, Jasman 	Mutare South	ZPF	
Masaka, Onias (2)	Mutare South	ZPF	
Masama, Annanias 	Buhera	ZPF	
Masenda, J (10)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Mashamva, Sally 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Mashanda, Crispen 	Bikita East	ZPF	
Mashanda, Mambunya 	Bikita East	ZPF	
Mashanda, Saliwe 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Mashazhu, T (2)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Masiyaneya, Godfrey 	Chipinge North	ZPF	
Masiyaneya, Pardon 	Chipinge North	ZPF	
Masonda, P	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Masunda	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Masvusvu, James 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Masvusvu, Ramios 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Mataka, Sikhangezile (4)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mataka, Sithabile (3)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Matangira, Remgio 	Bindura	ZPF	
Matangira, Tawanda 	Bindura	ZPF	
Matapa, K (2)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Matavire	Mazowe west	ZPF	
Matavire, Mai	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Matiirira, Address (2) 	Marondera West	ZPF	
Mativenga, Tauya (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Matonhodze, Kudzai (2) 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Mauchezani, Danmore (2)	Chipinge North	ZPF	
Maumburudze (5)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Mavingwa, Collin (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Mazhara, Godfrey (3)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Mazhindu, Charles (2)	Buhera North	ZPF	
Mazungura, Bornface(2)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mhaka (2)	Mount Darwin South, Bindura	ZPF	
Mhiripiri, Mr	Makoni East	ZPF	
Mhiripiri, Punish (3)	Makoni West	ZPF	
Mhonyera, Felix	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Mhonyera, M	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Mishamiviri, Mrs (2)	Bindura + Shamva	ZPF	
Moyo (2)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Moyo, H (2)	Mberengwa West	ZPF	
Moyo, Lovemore 	Unknown	ZPF	
Moyo, Manjanje	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Moyo, Manjanje	Guruve South	ZPF	
Moyo, Peter 	Unknown	ZPF	
Moyo, Peter Danida (3)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Moyo, Thando (3) 	Matobo	ZPF	
Mpandawana, Farai (2) 	Gutu North	ZPF	
Mpandawana, Steven (2)	Gutu North	ZPF	
Mpofu, George (2)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Mpofu, J	Gokwe East	ZPF	
Mpofu, S	Gokwe East	ZPF	
Muchimbu, Mfundisi Siako (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Muchingami, Adam (2)	Mutare West	ZPF	
Muchingami, Nyasha 	Mutare West	ZPF	
Muchingami, Samuel 	Mutare West	ZPF	
Mudimu, Brian (2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Mudiwakure, Bornface	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mudiwakure, M	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mudiwakure, T	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mudiwakure, W	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mudziwepasi, Edward 	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Mudzongachiso, Bibi (2)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Mufari, Nelson (5)	Zhombe	ZPF	
Mufundisi, Dzingai (2)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Mugabe, J (3)	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Muguriri (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Mujuru (8)	Mudzi	ZPF	
Mujuru, Mr 	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Mujuru, Mr 	Hatfield	ZPF	
Mujuru, Solomon 	Marondera East/West	ZPF	
Mukarambira (2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Mukoka, James 	Rushinga	ZPF	
Mukoka, Tapiwa 	Rushinga	ZPF	
Mukono, Pedzayi (2)	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Mungenge, Chamunorwa (2)	Marondera East/West	ZPF	
Munhedu, G (2)	Kariba	ZPF	
Munjoma, Getrude (2)	Makoni West	ZPF	
Munotengwa, Mabasa (4)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Munotengwa, Mabasa (4) 	Gokwe North & Zhombe	ZPF	
Munyoma, Eriya	Chikomba	ZPF	
Munyoro, Dombo	Chikomba	ZPF	
Mupukuta, Lovemore 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Mupundu, Loverage 	Buhera North	ZPF	
Muramba, Alfred (2) 	Marondera West	ZPF	
Murefu (2)	Murehwa South/North	ZPF	
Murosa, Big 	Murehwa North/South	ZPF	
Muroza 	Murehwa North/South	ZPF	
Musamba, Evans(2) 	Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Musauki, Joseph (6)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Musauki, Nyande (3)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Musauki, Peace 	Murehwa North/South	ZPF	
Musauki, Pius (3)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Musekiwa (2)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Musengezi, Takawira (3)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Muserkua, Itai 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Museruka, Public 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Mushangwe (2)	Murehwa North/South	ZPF	
Mushonga, (2) 	Murehwa North	ZPF	
Mushonga, Joseph 	Marondera East/West	ZPF	
Muskwe, (Mrs) Mission 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Muskwe, Aaron 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Muskwe, Claus 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Muskwe, Tanyanyiwa 	Hwedza	ZPF	
Mutata, Clara (2) 	Chikomba	ZPF	
Mutati, Ezekiel (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Mutema (3)	Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Mutema, Tompson (3)	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Mutsetwa, K (2)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Mutsungi, Z (3)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Muzama, Lucky (2)	Mutare West	ZPF	
Muzenda (2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Muzhizhi, Andrew (3)	Makoni North	ZPF	
Mwanakatsomwa, E (2)	Hurungwe West	ZPF	
Navhaya, Alec	Mudzi	ZPF	
Navhaya, Alec	Mudzi	ZPF	
Ncube	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Ncube, Christina 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Ncube, N (2)	Mberengwa West	ZPF	
Ncube, M	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Ncube, S	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Ncube, V	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Ndlovu	Budiriro	ZPF	
Ndlovu (4)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Ndlovu, Leonard (3)	Bulilimamangwe North/South	ZPF	
Ndlovu, Mrs (3)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Nndlovu, p(2)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Ndongwe (3)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Nenge, David (2)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Ngezenyu, V (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Ngezvenyu	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Nguwoyembudzi, Dick (2)	Guruve North	ZPF	
Ngwenya	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Ngwenya, T	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Nhaudzawanda, Wilbert 	Gokwe West	ZPF	
Nhaudzawanda, William 	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Nhemura, F (3)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Nherera, R (2)	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Nherera, R (2)	Murehwa South	ZPF	
Nhokwara, Mark (2)	Marondera West	ZPF	
Nkomo, Jezeni 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Nkomo, Lesson 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Nyakarare (2)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Nyamombe, Revai(2)	Makoni East	ZPF	
Nyamweda, Prayer (3)	Mbare East/West	ZPF	
Nyauna, S 	Bindura	ZPF	
Nyauye, l (3)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Nyoka, Frian(5)	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Paradzai	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Pasi (2)	Kwekwe	ZPF	
Rex Jesus (3)	Hurungwe East	ZPF	
Ringiro, Edmond (2)	Gokwe Central/ West	ZPF	
Ruparangana, Emma (2)	Chimanimani	ZPF	
Rwodzi, Knowledge 	Bindura	ZPF	
Sakahowa, Lovemore (Gunpowder (5)	Shurugwi	ZPF	
Salim, Abraham (6)	UMP	ZPF	
Shiri, Elias Masendu (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shiri, M	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shirir, Fi	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shiri, Fi	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shoko, E (2)	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shoko, Gilbert (2)	Makoni West	ZPF	
Shoko, Lock 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Shoko, Shepherd (3)	Buhera North / South	ZPF	
Shonhiwa, Mashumba (3)	Chegutu	ZPF	
Shumba, K	Mberengwa West	ZPF	
Shumba, Lifa 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Sibanda, E+A589 (3)	Zvishavane	ZPF	
Sibanda, Godwell(3)	Hwedza	ZPF	
Sibanda, Percy (2) 	Chegutu	ZPF	
Sithole (2)	Mutoko South	ZPF	
Siziba, B (3)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Siziba, Bernard (4)	Gokwe Central	ZPF	
Siziba, Chinyama 	Gokwe North	ZPF	
Stulo (2) 	Bulilimamangwe North	ZPF	
Tanyanyiwa	Mutoko South	ZPF	
Tanyanyiwa, Boster	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Tanyara, Piniel 	Bikita East/West	ZPF	
Tapfumaneyi, McLean	Mazowe East	ZPF	
Tapfumeneyi, Henicha	Mazowe East	ZPF	
Tindike, C	Guruve North	ZPF	
Tindike, Justice 	Guruve North	ZPF	
Tsavanhu, Collen (3)	Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Tsavanhu, Thomas (3) 	Chinhoyi	ZPF	
Tsvuura, George(3)	Mbare East	ZPF	
Tunha, Mrs (2)	Hatfield	ZPF	
Wevhu, Sigauke (3)	Buhera North	ZPF	
Zanga, Ten (2) 	Goromonzi	ZPF	
Zaranyika, Jesika 	Hatfield	ZPF	
Zaranyika, Mr 	Hatfield	ZPF	
Zengeza, Biggie (2) 	Hurungwe West	ZPF	
Zhanda, Paddington	+	ZPF	
Zhanda, Paddington (2)	Murehwa South + Goromonzi	ZPF	
Zharima, Edward(3)	Murehwa North + South	ZPF	
Zhou, B	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Zhou, Canaan 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Zhou, Fana 	Mberengwa East	ZPF	
Zhou, K	Mberengwa West	ZPF	
Zimunya, Kainos(3)	Buhera North	ZPF	
Zvakamwe, M	Chikomba	ZPF	
Zvakamwe, M	Chikomba	ZPF	
Gumpo, J (2)	Kariba	ZPF OFFICIAL	
Mudyiwa, Thomas	Mazoe west	ZPF OFFICIAL	
Vhera, Mr 	Mutoko North + South	ZPF OFFICIAL	
Dziya, Milcoat	Mberengwa East	ZPF OFFICIAL	
Munotengwa Max (4)	Gokwe north	ZPF YOUTH	
Janga the youth Commander	Mount Darwin South	ZPF YOUTH	
Bernard (youth leader)	Hurungwe East	ZPF YOUTH	
Chinhere, Njodzi (3)	Gokwe North 	ZPF YOUTH	
Tavaruya Tawanda (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF YOUTH	
Tavaruya, Tarisai (2)	Gokwe North	ZPF YOUTH	
Dube, Lot (2) 	Umizigwane	ZPS	
Majora, Asst. Insp (2)	Chikomba	ZRP	
Dowa, Ass. Insp	Harare North/central	ZRP	
Chinyoka, Chief Inspector 	Chipinge South	ZRP	
Jambwa, Detective (2)	Buhera North/ South	ZRP	
Jongwe (Inspector) 	Hurungwe East	ZRP	
Mabvuku Police, Member in Charge	Mabvuku	ZRP	
Chidyamakono, Sgt.	Shurugwi	ZRP	
Chimedza	Gokwe North/East/West	ZRP	
Chineka, Constable 	Buhera North	ZRP	
Chinembiri, Constable 	Chimanimani	ZRP	
Chipinda, Ernest (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Chirere, Constable 	Chimanimani	ZRP	
Desmore	Chikomba	ZRP	
Dhakiwa, Dauti 	UMP	ZRP	
Dhliwayo, Mr	Harare Central	ZRP	
Dube, E	Mberengwa East	ZRP	
Dube, Seargeant 	Bulawayo South	ZRP	
Dzimbanhete (2)	Mt Darwin/Bindura/Rushinga	ZRP	
Dzvairo, Constable	UMP	ZRP	
Gumbo, Constable 	Chimanimani	ZRP	
Mahuwa, Constable (2)	Buhera North	ZRP	
Makiyi	Mudzi	ZRP	
Makore, Cst. (2)	Shurugwi	ZRP	
Mandeya(2)	Mt Darwin Sth,Bindura, Rushinga	ZRP	
Manzunzu, Constable (3)	Buhera North	ZRP	
Mapfumo, Cuthbert(2)	Chikomba	ZRP	
Mazmabani 	Murehwa South	ZRP	
Mhaka	Harare North	ZRP	
Mnangagwa	Harare South / Murehwa North	ZRP	
Mukwena, Chrispen (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Mukwena, Tichaona (2) 	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Munandi, John (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Mungofa, Ngonidzashe (2)	Bindura	ZRP	
Munyandiani, Silas 	Mutare West	ZRP	
Murada, Munyaradzi (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Mushamba, Sherperd 	Murehwa North/South	ZRP	
Mushowe, Jefta (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Musoni(2)	Mount Darwin South, Bindura	ZRP	
Mutandavari (2)	Kwekwe	ZRP	
Muziwi, Pindukai 	Mutare West	ZRP	
Nyanyire, Officers 	Buhera North	ZRP	
Nzuma, Saul 	Buhera North	ZRP	
Usayi	Mazowe East	ZRP	
Zishiri(2)	Mount Darwin South, Bindura	ZRP	
Mapete, Constable 	Chimanimani	ZRP	
Machivenyika (Constable)	Hurungwe East	ZRP	
Machona, Constable (4)	Buhera North	ZRP	
Mazinyari, Cst.	Shurugwi	ZRP	
Dzambwa, Detective (3)	Buhera North/ South	ZRP	
Muyambo, Inspector 	Buhera North	ZRP	
Mabunda, Inspector (2)	Hurungwe East	ZRP	
Mudziwapasi (Member In Charge		ZRP	
Mazinyani, Sgt. (3)	Shurugwi	ZRP	
Shumba, Sergeant 	Buhera North	ZRP	
Chikono, Godfrey(3)	UMP	ZRP	
Nechibaba, Constable 	Mazowe West 	ZRP	

Appendix 4.

Organised violence and torture per Constituency: 2000 Parliamentary and 2002 Presidential Elections.
		
CONSTITUENCY	2000	2002	TOTAL	
BIKITA	0	32	32	
BINDURA	22	68	90	
BUHERA	9	65	74	
BYO SOUTH	0	1	1	
BULILIMANGWE	0	11	11	
CHEGUTU	0	11	11	
CHIKOMBA	28	26	54	
CHIMANIMANI	0	29	29	
CHINOYI	3	16	19	
CHIPINGE	0	26	26	
CHIREDZI	12	0	12	
HARARE	12	73	107	
BUDIRIRO	20	0	20	
GOKWE	80	96	176	
GOROMONZI	19	14	33	
HGURUVE	0	72	72	
GUTU	0	11	11	
HURUNGWE	184	16	200	
HWEDZA	16	28	44	
KARIBA	7	0	7	
KWE KWE	0	18	18	
MAKOKOBA	0	2	2	
MAKONI EAST	30	15	45	
MAKONI NORTH	1	15	16	
MAKONI WEST	0	11	11	
MARONDERA EAST	10	14	24	
MARONDERA WEST	0	19	19	
MATOBO	6	6	12	
MAZOWE EAST	15	1	16	
MAZOWE WEST	2	14	16	
MBERENGWA EAST	119	23	142	
MBERENGWA WEST	13	0	13	
MHONDORO	0	3	3	
MT DARWIN NORTH	2	3	5	
MT DARWIN SOUTH	42	10	52	
MUDZI	72	2	74	
HARARE	13	0	13	
MUREHWA NORTH	37	38	75	
MUREHWA SOUTH	36	12	48	
MUTARE SOUTH	0	7	7	
MUTARE WEST	0	21	21	
MUTASA	0	9	9	
MUTOKO	45	11	56	
MUZARABANI	1	13	14	
MWENEZI	1	0	1	
NKAYI	0	2	2	
NYANGA	0	3	3	
PUMULA/LUVEVE	0	2	2	
RUSHINGA	0	5	5	
SEKE	1	1	2	
SHAMVA	2	5	7	
SHURUGWI	33	0	33	
UMZINGWANE	0	2	2	
UMP	15	59	74	
UNKNOWN	16	3	19	
ZAKA EAST	0	5	5	
ZHOMBE	0	40	40	
ZVISHAVANE	34	2	36	
	958	991	1971